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Total marks: 100
This assignment aims to give you some experience with C programming and to help you gain
better understanding of the instruction format of LC‐3.
Important Notes:
? There are subtle differences between various C compilers. We will use the GNU compiler gcc
on login.cs.auckland.ac.nz for marking. Therefore, you MUST ensure that your submissions
compile and run on login.cs.auckland.ac.nz. Submissions that fail to compile or run on
login.cs.auckland.ac.nz will attract NO marks.
? Markers will compile your program using command “gcc –o name name.c” where name.c is
the name of the source code of your program, e.g. part1.c. That is, the markers will NOT use
any compiler switches to supress the warning messages.
? Markers will use instructions that are different from the examples given in the specifications
when testing your programs.
? The files containing the examples can be downloaded from Canvas and unpacked on the
server with the command below:
o tar xvf A3examplefiles.tar.gz
? As we need to return the assignment marks before the exam of this course, there is NO
possibility to extend the deadline for this assignment. NO late assignment will be accepted.
Academic Honesty
Do NOT copy other people's code (this includes the code that you find on the Internet).
We will use Stanford's MOSS tool to check all submissions. The tool is very "smart". Changing
the names of the variables, shuffling the statements around and inserting dummy statements
will not fool the tool. In previous years, quite a few students had been caught by the tool; and,
they were dealt with according to the university’s rules at
https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/learning‐and‐teaching/policies‐guidelines‐and‐
procedures/academic‐integrity‐info‐for‐students.html
In this assignment, you are required to write C programs to implement some of the functions of
the LC‐3 assembler. That is, the C programs covert LC‐3 assembly instructions to machine code
that can be executed by the LC‐3 simulator.
Part 1 (27 marks)
LC3Edit is used to write LC‐3 assembly programs. After a program is written, we use the LC‐3
assembler (i.e. the “Translate ? Assemble” function in LC3Edit) to convert the assembly
program into a binary executable. The file stores the binary executable is called the object file.
The object file generated by LC3Edit is named “file.obj” where “file” is the name of the assembly
program (excluding the “.asm” suffix). In this specification, a “word” refers to a word in LC‐3.
That is, a word consists of two bytes. The structure of an object file is as below:
? The first word (i.e. the first two bytes) is the starting address of the program.
? The subsequent words correspond to the instructions in the assembly program and the
contents of the memory locations reserved for the program using various LC‐3 directives.
? In LC‐3, data are stored in Big‐endian format (refer to
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness and
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/big_endian.html to learn more about Big‐endian
format). For example, if byte 0x12 in word 0x1234 is stored at address 0x3000, byte
0x34 is stored at address 0x3001. This means, when you read a sequence of bytes from
the object file of an LC‐3 assembly program, the most significant bit of each word is read
first.
In this part of the assignment, you are required to write a C program to create an object file that
can be used by the LC‐3 simulator. The detailed requirements are as below:
1. A text file containing some numbers is given. This file is called numbers file. Each
number in the file is a four‐digit hexadecimal number. There is one number in each line
of the file. You can regard each number as a word in LC‐3.
2. Write a program to (a) read the numbers from the numbers file, (b) create an object file
and write the numbers to the object file.
3. The object file is a binary file. It contains a sequence of words (i.e. the numbers from the
numbers file). When the words are stored in the object file, they must be stored in Big‐
endian format. For example, when word 12ab is stored in the object file, 12 (i.e. the
byte containing the most significant bit) is stored in the file before ab.
4. The words are stored in the object file one by one. There is no character separating two
words in the object file.
For example, if the contents of the numbers file are as below:
3
1283
5105
c140
2c04
The contents of the resulting object file in hexadecimal format should be as follow:
12835105c1402c04
[Hint: Intel CPU uses little‐endian format. So, you probably need to write a word to the
object file byte by byte. The encryption/decryption example in the lecture shows how
this can be done.]
5. Name this program as part1.c
6. The names of the numbers file and object file must be provided to the program as
command line arguments. The program should be run using the following command
format:
./program_name name_of_numbers_file name_of_object_file
Here is an example of the execution of the program. In this example, the name of the
numbers file and the object file are t1.txt and t1.obj respectively (NOTE: “t1.txt” and “t1.obj”
are the exact names of the files). Markers might use files with a different names when testing
your program. The contents of t1.txt are:
3020
2407
1283
5105
c140
2c04
1df7
506f
f025
000C
fff3
The execution of the program is shown below. The command line arguments are marked in red.
$./part1 t1.txt t1.obj
The execution of the program causes the creation of a binary file t1.obj. As t1.obj is a binary file,
its contents are not “viewable” in the command window. Program printObjFile.c (included in
A3Examples.tar.gz) can be used to print the contents of the object file. To make the contents
easy to read, printObjFile.c displays each LC‐3 word in one line. You can compile the
printObjFile.c program with the command below:
4
$ gcc -o printObjFile printObjFile.c
To display the contents of object file t1.obj, use the command below (Note: the name of the
object file needs to be given as a command line argument). The outputs are given under the
command.
$ ./printObjFile t1.obj
3020
2407
1283
5105
c140
2c04
1df7
506f
f025
000c
fff3
Part 2 (36 marks)
In this part of the assignment, you are required to write a C program to translate LC‐3’s AND,
ADD and HALT assembly language instructions into machine code. The detailed requirements
are as below:
1. The assembly instructions are stored in a file. This file is called the instructions file. Each
line of the file stores exactly one instruction. The number of instructions in the file is
NOT limited.
2. For this part, it should be assumed that the operands of the instructions only use the
“register” addressing mode. That is, the values of all the operands are stored in registers.
3. It should be assumed that
a. the file containing the assembly instructions starts with an “.orig” directive and
ends with an “.end” directive
b. the instructions are valid AND, ADD or HALT instructions
c. there is exactly one space separating the opcode and the operands of the
instruction
d. the operands are separated by exactly one comma “,”
e. all the characters in the instruction are lower case letters
f. there are no leading or trailing empty spaces in each line
g. each line ends with the invisible “\n” character
4. The machine code should be stored in an object file. The structure of the object file
should conform to the descriptions given in part 1. That is:
a. The first word is the starting address of the program. This is followed by the
words representing the machine instructions or data.
b. The words are stored in big‐endian format.
5
c. The words are stored one by one with NO other value (e.g. a new line character)
separating them.
5. Name this program as part2.c
6. The names of the instructions file and object file must be provided to the program as
command line arguments. The program should be run using the following command
format:
./program_name name_of_instructions_file name_of_object_file
Here is an example of the execution of the program. In this example, the names of the
instructions file and the object file are t2.asm and t2.obj respectively (NOTE: “t2.asm” and
“t2.obj” are the exact names of the files). Markers might use files with different names when
testing your program. The contents of t2.asm are:
.orig x3020
add r1,r2,r3
and r0,r4,r5
halt
.end
The execution of the program is shown below. The command line arguments are marked in red.
$ ./part2 t2.asm t2.obj
As explained in Part 1, the contents of t2.obj can be viewed with the command below:
$ ./printObjFile t2.obj
3020
1283
5105
f025
Part 3 (11 marks)
Expand your program in Part 2 to allow the use of “immediate” addressing mode for operands.
That is, the value of an operand is stored in the instruction. It should be assumed that the value
operand is given as a decimal number.
Name this program as part3.c
Here is an example of the execution of the program. In this example, the names of the
instructions file and the object file are t3.asm and t3.obj respectively (NOTE: “t3.asm” and
“t3.obj” are the exact names of the files). Markers might use files with different names when
testing your program. The contents of t3.asm are:
.orig x3020
add r1,r2,r3
and r0,r4,r5
6
add r6,r7,#-9
and r0,r1,#15
halt
.end
The execution of the program is shown below. The command line arguments are marked in red.
$ ./part3 t3.asm t3.obj
As explained in Part 1, the contents of t3.obj can be viewed with the command below:
$ ./printObjFile t3.obj
3020
1283
5105
1df7
506f
f025
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