This document describes one of the available topics for the MSc-project in Financial Mathematics.
Department of Mathematics
This document describes one of the available topics for the MSc-project in Financial Mathematics. The focus is on how to model negative rates in order compute and interpret certain risk measures of an investment portfolio.
Implementing such a project in real life would require at a minimum identi- fying the risk factors and appropriate models for them, checking if counterparty credit risk is present, identifying which real market data to be used for param- eter estimation and how long the historical time series should be.Financial Mathematics代写
To facilitate the analysis we provide guidance for some of the steps mentioned above. The risk factors are modelled with stochastic models that have been introduced in previous modules, and the parameters of the models are estimated using real data from Bloomberg over the specified time horizon. Future paths are generated according to these models, and the possible future values are incorporated in a risk analysis through the computation of risk measures.
The first part is a literature review that should include a description of the con- tracts in the portfolio, particularly the EONIA-based interest rate swap, a brief outline of the models used for equity/ interest rates, the methods available for the modelling of the default (i.e. structural vs reduced form models, advantages and disadvantages of each class), a brief outline of the methods used to estimate the parameters, and a review of the most common risk measures.
The student is invited to consult a number of publications on EONIA/ECB rates, Credit Risk modeling, and on Value at Risk and risk measures in general. The references at the end of this document are classical books on risk man- agement, interest rate models, least squares parameter estimation and related topics, and give good starting points to the literature, including the EMMI ref- erence (for EONIA and EONIA based contracts), the ECB reference (for ECB deposit rate). The student should be proactive in researching the literature, which involves published journal papers and books. Working papers should be used mostly for orientation, given that their content has not been peer reviewed.Financial Mathematics代写
It is particularly important that the information gathered from these sources is syntesized and presented as a flowing story that is consistent both in terms of notation and mathematical and financial content.
This part applies the theoretical notions from Part 1 on an analysis of a specific portfolio with assets:
The goal of the project is to analyse the risk and return characteristics of the portfolio using a stochastic model for the underlying risk factors.
Consider the risk factors to be the equity (DAX) and the EONIA spread over the ECB deposit rate:
Xt = (log Yt log St)j,
and assume they follow under the subjective measure P a discretized version of a stochastic differential equation (SDE) of the type:
∆Xt = (AXt−∆t + b)∆t + ε, ε ∼ N (0, Σ),
where ∆t = 1 day (for tractability make the simplifying assumption that week- ends or holidays are equivalent to 1 day periods).
At each stage write your estimated values as in Table 1.
Table 1: Table with estimated parameters
dynlm in R). The data has spikes at the end of most months (colloquially called the beat/the pulse); assume they are caused by expired regulatory requirements, so exclude all end of the month observations from the data. Plot the data with and without the beats.
Portfolio |
Expected
returns |
Median
returns |
V@R | CV@R |
credit risk | ||||
no credit risk |
Table 2: Format to use for the display of the results
Summarize your answers by completing a table in the format shown in Table 2.
This part should include any pertinent analysis that would contribute to enhanc- ing the understanding of the topic. Ideally this would be focused on negative rates and portfolio risk management. Among the possible extensions that could be studied in relation to the proposed topic we mention (but these are just suggestions, and the list is not comprehensive):