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COMP30023: Computer Systems Practice Mid-Semester Test • Why are race conditions hard to debug? Race conditions are hard to debug because they occur when multiple pro- cesses or threads access and modify shared resources concurrently, making the behavior unpredictable and difficult to reproduce. The timing and or- der of these accesses can vary between executions, making it difficult to reproduce, isolate and identify the root cause of the problem. • Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using base and limit registers to keep track of address space. Advantage: simplicity since only two values need to be maintained. Disadvantage: the entire address space of the process needs to be in mem- ory in a consecutive block. • What is the purpose of a system call? A system call provides an interface between user programs and an OS and allows user-level programs to access core OS services such as opening a file or creating a process. • What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption? Symmetric encryption uses the same secret key for encryption and ecryp- tion. Asymmetric encryption uses two cryptographic keys: a public key for encrypting messages and a private key for decrypting ciphertexts. • Explain why it is useful for page sizes to be a power of 2. Page sizes being a power of 2 allows for efficient memory management and address calculation, as binary arithmetic works most efficiently with powers of 2. This can lead to improved performance and reduced memory usage.