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FINM7403 Bond Part II Tutorial Solutions BKM Chapter 15 problem sets, Q4, 5, 6, 9*, 13, 15, 16*. Question 4 Suggested Solutions: The liquidity theory holds that investors demand a premium to compensate them for interest rate exposure and the premium increases with maturity. Add this premium to a flat curve and the result is an upward sloping yield curve. Question 5 Suggested Solutions: The pure expectations theory, also referred to as the unbiased expectations theory, purports that forward rates are solely a function of expected future spot rates. Under the pure expectations theory, a yield curve that is upward (downward) sloping, means that short-term rates are expected to rise (fall). A flat yield curve implies that the market expects short-term rates to remain constant. Question 6 Suggested Solutions: The yield curve slopes upward because short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Since market rates are determined by supply and demand, it follows that investors (demand side) expect rates to be higher in the future than in the near-term.
Question 9 Suggested Solutions: First calculate the short rates 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 ( ) 5.00% 1.06( ) 7.01% 1.05 1.065( ) 7.51% 1.05 1.0701 1.07( ) 8.51% 1.05 1.0701 1.0751 E r E r E r E r = = = = = × = = × × In one year, the market’s expectation of the yield curve is: Bond Years to Maturity YTM(%) B 1 7.01% C 2 7.26% D 3 7.67%
Question 13 Suggested Solutions: Year Forward Rate PV of $1 received at period end 1 5% $1/1.05 = $0.9524 2 7 1/(1.05×1.07) = $0.8901 3 8 1/(1.05×1.07×1.08) = $0.8241 a. Price = ($60 × 0.9524) + ($60 × 0.8901) + ($1,060 × 0.8241) = $984.14 b. To find the yield to maturity, solve for y in the following equation: $984.10 = [$60 × Annuity factor (y, 3)] + [$1,000 × PV factor (y, 3)] This can be solved using a financial calculator to show that y = 6.60%: PV = -$984.10; N = 3; FV = $1,000; PMT = $60. Solve for I = 6.60%. c. Period Payment Received at End of Period: Will Grow by a Factor of: To a Future Value of: 1 $60.00 1.07 × 1.08 $69.34 2 60.00 1.08 64.80 3 1,060.00 1.00 1,060.00 $1,194.14 $984.10 × (1 + y realized)3 = $1,194.14 1 + y realized = 0666.1 10.984$ 14.194,1$ 3/1 = ⇒ y realized = 6.66% Alternatively, PV = -$984.10; N = 3; FV = $1,194.14; PMT = $0. Solve for I = 6.66%.
d. Next year, the price of the bond will be: [$60 × Annuity factor (7%, 2)] + [$1,000 × PV factor (7%, 2)] = $981.92 Therefore, there will be a capital loss equal to: $984.10 – $981.92 = $2.18 The holding period return is: %88.50588.0 10.984$ )18.2$(60$ == −+ Question 15 Suggested Solutions: The price of the coupon bond, based on its yield to maturity, is: [$120 × Annuity factor (5.8%, 2)] + [$1,000 × PV factor (5.8%, 2)] = $1,113.99 If the coupons were stripped and sold separately as zeros, then, based on the yield to maturity of zeros with maturities of one and two years, respectively, the coupon payments could be sold separately for: 08.111,1$ 06.1 120,1$ 05.1 120$ 2 =+ The arbitrage strategy is to buy zeros with face values of $120 and $1,120, and respective maturities of one year and two years, and simultaneously sell the coupon bond. The profit equals $2.91 on each bond. Question 16 Suggested Solutions: a. The one-year zero-coupon bond has a yield to maturity of 6%, as shown below: 1 $100$94.34 1 y = + ⇒y1 = 0.06000 = 6.000% The yield on the two-year zero is 8.472%, as shown below: 2 2 $100$84.99 (1 )y = + ⇒y2 = 0.08472 = 8.472% b. The price of the coupon bond is: 51.106$ )08472.1( 112$ 06.1 12$ 2 =+
Therefore: yield to maturity for the coupon bond = 8.333% [On a financial calculator, enter: n = 2; PV = –106.51; FV = 100; PMT = 12] c. 2 2 2 2 1 (1 ) (1.08472)1 1 0.1100 11.00% 1 1.06 yf y + = − = − = = + d. Expected price = $112 1.11 =$100.90 (Note that next year, the coupon bond will have one payment left.) Expected holding period return = %00.60600.0 51.106$ )51.106$90.100($12$ == −+ This holding period return is the same as the return on the one-year zero. e. If there is a liquidity premium, then: E(r2) < f 2 E(Price) = 2 $112 $100.90 1 ( )E r > + E(HPR) > 6%
CFA Problems 2, 3, and 5*. Problem 2 Suggested Solutions: d. Investors bid up the price of short term securities and force yields to be relatively low, while doing just the opposite at the long end of the term structure. Therefore, they must be compensated more for giving up liquidity in the long term. Problem 3 Suggested Solutions: a. (1+y4 )4 = (1+ y3 )3 (1 + f 4 ) (1.055)4 = (1.05)3 (1 + f 4 ) 1.2388 = 1.1576 (1 + f 4 ) ⇒ f 4 = 0.0701 = 7.01% b. The conditions would be those that underlie the expectations theory of the term structure: risk neutral market participants who are willing to substitute among maturities solely on the basis of yield differentials. This behaviour would rule out liquidity or term premia relating to risk. c. Under the expectations hypothesis, lower implied forward rates would indicate lower expected future spot rates for the corresponding period. Since the lower expected future rates embodied in the term structure are nominal rates, either lower expected future real rates or lower expected future inflation rates would be consistent with the specified change in the observed (implied) forward rate.
Problem 5 Suggested Solutions: The present value of each bond’s payments can be derived by discounting each cash flow by the appropriate rate from the spot interest rate (i.e., the pure yield) curve: Bond A: 53.98$ 11.1 110$ 08.1 10$ 05.1 10$PV 32 =++= Bond B: 36.88$ 11.1 106$ 08.1 6$ 05.1 6$PV 32 =++= Bond A sells for $0.13 (i.e., 0.13% of par value) less than the present value of its stripped payments. Bond B sells for $0.02 less than the present value of its stripped payments. Bond A is more attractively priced.
BKM Chapter 16 problem sets, Q1, 2, 3, 4*, 5, 7, 9, 12*, 14*. Question 1 Suggested Solutions: While it is true that short-term rates are more volatile than long-term rates, the longer duration of the longer- term bonds makes their prices and their rates of return more volatile. The higher duration magnifies the sensitivity to interest-rate changes. Question 2 Suggested Solutions: Duration can be thought of as a weighted average of the maturities of the cash flows paid to holders of the perpetuity, where the weight for each cash flow is equal to the present value of that cash flow divided by the total present value of all cash flows. For cash flows in the distant future, present value approaches zero (i.e., the weight becomes very small) so that these distant cash flows have little impact and, eventually, virtually no impact on the weighted average. Question 3 Suggested Solutions: The percentage change in the bond’s price is: 7.194 0.005 0.0327 3.27%, 1 1.10 D y y − ×∆ = − × = − = − + or a 3.27% decline Question 4 Suggested Solutions: a. YTM = 6% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 6%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 60.00 56.60 0.0566 0.0566
2 60.00 53.40 0.0534 0.1068 3 1,060.00 890.00 0.8900 2.6700 Column sums $1,000.00 1.0000 2.8334 Duration = 2.833 years b. YTM = 10% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 10%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 60.00 54.55 0.0606 0.0606 2 60.00 49.59 0.0551 0.1102 3 1,060.00 796.39 0.8844 2.6532 Column sums $900.53 1.0000 2.8240 Duration = 2.824 years, which is less than the duration at the YTM of 6%. Question 5 Suggested Solutions: For a semi-annual 6% coupon bond selling at par, we use the following parameters: coupon = 3% per half-year period, y = 3%, T = 6 semi-annual periods. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 3%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 $ 30.00 $ 29.13 0.02913 0.02913 2 30.00 28.28 0.02828 0.05656 3 30.00 27.45 0.02745 0.08236 4 30.00 26.65 0.02665 0.10662 5 30.00 25.88 0.02588 0.12939 6 1030.00 862.61 0.86261 5.17565 Column sums $1000.00 1.00000 5.57971 D = 5.5797 half-year periods = 2.7899 years If the bond’s yield is 10%, use a semi-annual yield of 5% and semi-annual coupon of 3%: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 5%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 $ 30.00 $ 28.57 0.03180 0.03180 2 30.00 27.21 0.03029 0.06057
3 30.00 25.92 0.02884 0.08653 4 30.00 24.68 0.02747 0.10988 5 30.00 23.51 0.02616 0.13081 6 1030.00 768.60 0.85544 5.13265 Column sums $898.49 1.00000 5.55223 D = 5.5522 half-year periods = 2.7761 years Question 7 Suggested Solutions: D. Investors tend to purchase longer term bonds when they expect yields to fall so they can capture significant capital gains, and the lack of a coupon payment ensures the capital gain will be even greater. Question 9 Suggested Solutions: a. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 10%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 $10 million $ 9.09 million 0.7857 0.7857 5 4 million 2.48 million 0.2143 1.0715 Column sums $11.57 million 1.0000 1.8572 D = 1.8572 years = required maturity of zero-coupon bond. b. The market value of the zero must be $11.57 million, the same as the market value of the obligations. Therefore, the face value must be: $11.57 million × (1.10)1.8572 = $13.81 million
Question 12 Suggested Solutions: a. PV of the obligation = $10,000 × Annuity factor (8%, 2) = $17,832.65 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Time until Payment (Years) Cash Flow PV of CF (Discount Rate = 8%) Weight Column (1) × Column (4) 1 $10,000.00 9,259.259 0.51923 0.51923 2 10,000.00 8,573.388 0.48077 0.96154 Column sums $17,832.647 1.00000 1.48077 D = 1.4808 years b. A zero-coupon bond maturing in 1.4808 years would immunize the obligation. Since the present value of the zero-coupon bond must be $17,832.65, the face value (i.e., the future redemption value) must be $17,832.65 × 1.081.4808 = $19,985.26 c. If the interest rate increases to 9%, the zero-coupon bond would decrease in value to 92.590,17$ 09.1 26.985,19$ 4808.1 = The present value of the tuition obligation would decrease to $17,591.11 The net position decreases in value by $0.19 d. If the interest rate decreases to 7%, the zero-coupon bond would increase in value to 99.079,18$ 07.1 26.985,19$ 4808.1 = The present value of the tuition obligation would increase to $18,080.18 The net position decreases in value by $0.19 The reason the net position changes at all is that, as the interest rate changes, so does the duration of the stream of tuition payments.
Question 14 Suggested Solutions: a. The duration of the perpetuity is: 1.05/0.05 = 21 years Call w the weight of the zero-coupon bond. Then (w × 5) + [(1 – w) × 21] = 10 ⇒ w = 11/16 = 0.6875 Therefore, the portfolio weights would be as follows: 11/16 invested in the zero and 5/16 in the perpetuity. b. Next year, the zero-coupon bond will have a duration of 4 years and the perpetuity will still have a 21-year duration. To obtain the target duration of nine years, which is now the duration of the obligation, we again solve for w: (w × 4) + [(1 – w) × 21] = 9 ⇒ w = 12/17 = 0.7059 So, the proportion of the portfolio invested in the zero increases to 12/17 and the proportion invested in the perpetuity falls to 5/17.
CFA Problems 2, 3*, 4a.i. 4.a.ii. only. Problem 2 Suggested Solutions: a. Bond price decreases by $80.00, calculated as follows: 10 × 0.01 × 800 = 80.00 b. ½ × 120 × (0.015)2 = 0.0135 = 1.35% c. 9/1.10 = 8.18 d. (i) e. (i) f. (iii)
Problem 3 Suggested Solutions: a. Modified duration 26.9 08.1 10 YTM1 durationMacaulay == + = years b. For option-free coupon bonds, modified duration is a better measure of the bond’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Maturity considers only the final cash flow, while modified duration includes other factors, such as the size and timing of coupon payments, and the level of interest rates (yield to maturity). Modified duration indicates the approximate percentage change in the bond price for a given change in yield to maturity. c. i. Modified duration increases as the coupon decreases. ii. Modified duration decreases as maturity decreases. d. Convexity measures the curvature of the bond’s price-yield curve. Such curvature means that the duration rule for bond price change (which is based only on the slope of the curve at the original yield) is only an approximation. Adding a term to account for the convexity of the bond increases the accuracy of the approximation. That convexity adjustment is the last term in the following equation: * 21( ) Convexity ( ) 2 P D y y P ∆ = − ×∆ + × × ∆