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MAST20026 Assignment 1
This assignment consists of 2 pages. Assignments are due in Gradescope on the due date listed above. Please see the instructions on the page where you accessed this file for details on submitting your assignment. To ease submission, please prepare assignment solutions for each question on its own page. To enable to graders to grade anonymously, do not include your name anywhere on your assignment. Students are encouraged to work together on understanding the problems and their solutions. However, submitted solutions must be prepared individually, in your own words, and without the aid of others. For example, if you are asked to give an example as part of your solution, your example should be meaningfully different from anyone you have worked with on understanding the problems. Answers presented without justification will receive no marks. If you do not completely understand your submitted solutions, it is possible you are committing academic misconduct. This is a serious offense. Please do not upload this assignment paper or any of its questions to any online “help” service (e.g., CourseHero, Chegg, etc...). By doing so, you are actively ruining the learning experience for yourself and future students and more than likely violating the University’s academic misconduct policy. PART A To goal of assessments in this course is to help you know how well you are mastering the concepts presented in lecture and tutorials. The work that you hand in for assessments is meant to reflect your level of understanding. And so it is important that the work you hand in fully demonstrates your mastery of subject concepts. Download the file called Guidelines for Good Mathematical Writing from the same place you accessed this file. Read it and write a short response (≤ 250 words) that considers the following questions: • Was there anything about the reading that you found surprising? • What other experiences, if any, do you have in mathematics classes where you were expected to write in full sentences as part of your solutions? Do you find it difficult to write in mathematics courses? • How will your approach to crafting your submission for this assignment change, if at all, as a result of having done this reading? Note: In the reading above, the author uses the terms formal and informal differently than how we are using them in our subject materials. 5 marks PART B (2) (a) (4 marks) For each of the implications below, write the contrapositive and the converse. (i) If n = 41, then n is composite. (ii) If x′ > 2r − 4, then −2x′ − 2 < r. (b) (4 marks) Let p(x) : x > 2 over the domain R. (i) If one exists, give an example of a condition q(x) for which p(x) =⇒ q(x) is true for every x ∈ R, but q(x) =⇒ p(x) is not true for every x ∈ R. If no such example exists, briefly explain why not. (ii) If one exists, give an example of a condition q(x) for which p(x) =⇒ q(x) is true for every x ∈ R and q(x) =⇒ p(x) is true for every x ∈ R. If no such example exists, briefly explain why not. 1 (3) Consider the following theorem and its partially completed proof. Theorem. There are infinitely many prime numbers. Proof. i. Let p be the largest prime number. (premise) ii. Let p1, p2, . . . , pk be the list of prime numbers that are less than p. (i) iii. Let n = p1p2 · · · pkp+ 1. (notation) iv. n > p (iii) v. n is not prime. ( ) vi. None of p1, p2, . . . , pk, p divide n. (iii, algebra) vii. There exists a prime q ∈ [p+ 1, n− 1] that is a divisor of n. ( ) viii. q > p. (vii) ix. p is not the largest prime number. (viii) x. ( ). (i,ix)
(a) (1 marks) Fill in the blank on line x. (b) (4 marks) What justification(s) should go in the blanks for on lines v. and vii.? (c) (3 marks) Using the steps above, write out the proof as a informal proof. Feel welcome to use any of the sentences above in your proof. (4) (3+3 marks) Re-write the proof of Theorem 1.24 from the Week 2 notes as both a formal proof and as an informal proof. (5) Our goal in this exercise is a first attempt at making precise our intuition surrounding limits at infinity. (a) (1 mark) Give an informal one sentence explanation of your understanding of the statement The limit of 2x+ 1 as x goes to ∞ is ∞. (b) (3 marks) For x, r ∈ R, let p(x, r) be the condition 2x+ 1 > r Find a value of k so that p(x, 10) is true for every x > k. Justify your response. (c) (1 mark) Find a value of k so that p(x, 31) is true for every x > k. Justify your response. (d) (1 mark) Find a value of k so that p(x, 71) is true for every x > k. Justify your response. (e) (0 marks) Find a value of k so that p(x, 10001) is true for every x > k. Justify your response. (f) (2 marks) Find a formula for k as a function of r so that p(x, r) is true for every x > k. Justify your response. (g) (1 mark) Informally, your formula in the previous part allows to verify the following fact: for any r ∈ R, f(x) = 2x+1 eventually gets bigger and stays bigger than r. Consider the following definition: Definition. Let f : R → R be a function. We say the limit of f(x) as x goes to ∞ is ∞ when for every r ∈ R there exists k ∈ R so that f(x) > r for every x > k. Are you convinced the limit of f(x) = 2x + 1 as x goes to ∞ is ∞, as defined by the definition above? Explain your thinking with a sentence or two by referring to your answer from (f) and the definition in (g). (It is okay if the answer is “No, I am very confused by this question”.) (h) (3 marks) Given the definition of the limit of f(x) as x goes to ∞ is ∞ given above, what do you expect the definition of the limit of f(x) as x goes to ∞ is −∞ to be? Give your answer both as a sentence and as a statement using the language of formal logic.